Percepción del aborto en alumnado de primer año de la Facultad de Medicina posterior al curso de embriología humana / Perception of abortion in first-year students of the Faculty of Medicine after the Human Embryology course

Resumen Antecedentes: Actualmente se han registrado diversos estudios sobre la percepción del aborto en el alumnado del área de la salud. Objetivo: Conocer si la formación médico-científica puede generar un cambio en la percepción del alumnado que cursa el primer año en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Material y métodos: Se aplicó una encuesta transversal en dos tiempos y se analizó el nivel de relación de los ítems de cada dimensión mediante coeficiente V de Crámer. Los resultados se compararon para identificar si existió un cambio de percepción acerca del aborto después del curso de embriología humana. Resultados: Con una población inicial de 2150 alumnos, se realizaron 393 encuestas previas al curso y 394 encuestas posteriores. Los resultados indicaron que a pesar de existir cambios en la percepción de los alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina sobre el aborto, no fueron significativos. Conclusiones: La formación médico-científica que proporciona el curso de embriología humana no es suficiente para fundamentar la percepción del alumnado en temas como el aborto o la objeción de conciencia.

Abstract Background: Multiple studies have been recorded regarding the perception of abortion among students in the health area. Objective: To know if medical-scientific training is sufficient to generate a change in the perception of first-year students of the National Autonomous University of Mexico Faculty of Medicine. Material and methods: A cross-sectional survey was applied in two times, with the level of relationship between the items of each dimension being analyzed using Cramer's V test. The results were compared to analyze if there was a change in the perception of abortion after the human embryology course. Results: With an initial population of 2,150 students, 393 pre-course and 394 post-course surveys were conducted. The results indicated that despite the existence of changes in the perception of Faculty of Medicine students with regard to abortion, they are not significant. Conclusions: The medical-scientific training provided by the human embryology course is not enough to provide foundations to the perception of students on issues such as abortion or conscientious objection.

Respiratory muscles: structure, function and relationship with the ACE gene: a brief morphofunctional communication / Músculos respiratorios: estructura, función y relación con el gen de la ECA: una breve comunicación morfofuncional

SUMMARY: Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process in which the respiratory muscles act in coordination to maintain the oxygenation of the organism. Any alteration in the performance of these muscles may reduce the effectiveness of the process. The respiratory muscles differ from the other skeletal muscles in the vital support that they provide through rhythmiccontractions. The structure and energy system of the muscles are specially adapted to perform this function. The composition of the respiratory muscles is exceptional; they are small, and present an abundant capillary network, endowing them with a high aerobic level and resistance to fatigue. Coordinated regulation of the local renin-angiotensin system provides proper blood flow and energy supply in the myofibrils of the skeletal muscle tissue. Specifically, this performance will depend to a large extent on blood flow and glucose consumption, regulated by the renin-angiotensin system. The angiotensin converting enzyme is responsible for degrading kinins, which finally regulate muscle bioenergy and glucose between the blood vessel and the skeletal muscle. The objective of this review is to describe the structure of the respiratory muscles and their association with the angiotensin converting enzyme gene.

La ventilación pulmonar es un proceso mecánico en el que los músculos respiratorios actúan coordinadamente para mantener la oxigenación en el organismo. Así, cualquier alteración en el desempeño de estos músculos puede reducir la efectividad del proceso. Los músculos respiratorios se diferencian de otros músculos esqueléticos, debido al apoyo vital que brindan a través de sus contracciones rítmicas. La estructura y el sistema energético de estos músculos están especialmente adaptados para realizar esta función. La composición de los músculos respiratorios es especial; son pequeñas y presentan una abundante red capilar, lo que les otorga un alto nivel aeróbico y resistencia a la fatiga. La regulación coordinada del sistema renina-angiotensina local, proporciona un adecuado flujo sanguíneo y suministro de energía a las miofibrillas del músculo esquelético. En concreto, este rendimiento dependerá en gran medida del flujo sanguíneo y del consumo de glucosa, regulado por el sistema renina-angiotensina. Aquí, la enzima convertidora de angiotensina es responsable de degradar las kininas, que finalmente regulan la bioenergía muscular y la glucosa entre el vaso sanguíneo y el músculo esquelético. El objetivo de esta breve comunicación es describir la estructura de los músculos respiratorios y su asociación con el gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina.

Displasia broncopulmonar y severa restricción del crecimiento intrauterino en neonato de 850 gramos al nacer

Introducción: La displasia broncopulmonar es una enfermedad pulmonar crónica de inicio en edad neonatal. La restricción del crecimiento intrauterino se define como fracaso del feto para alcanzar su potencial de crecimiento genéticamente determinado. Objetivo: Describir el manejo interdisciplinario de la displasia broncopulmonar y revisar la literatura sobre el tema. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un neonato hijo de madre adolescente producto de su primera gestación, la cual llevó un adecuado control prenatal. Presentó restricción del crecimiento intrauterino grado IV caracterizada por alteraciones en el ultrasonido Doppler en relación con insuficiencia placentaria severa y oligohidramnios, motivo por el cual se interrumpe el embarazo por parto distócico por cesárea a las 34+1 semanas, con bolsa rota al nacer, líquido amniótico claro y muy escaso. Nace en buenas condiciones clínicas con 850 gramos de peso. En los primeros días de vida, comenzó con manifestaciones clínicas de sepsis; se diagnosticó enterocolitis necrotizante luego presentó un súbito deterioro clínico debido a la aparición de hemorragia pulmonar. Con 695 gramos de peso, se inició tratamiento con ventilación mecánica invasiva, la cual se prolongó por un período de 30 días. Después del destete de la ventilación mecánica, el niño mantuvo una dependencia del oxígeno durante 71 días más; como manifestación de la displasia broncopulmonar. Se realizaron interconsultas con especialistas en Cardiología, Hematología, Imagenología, Nutrición, Inmunología y Genética; y, en colectivo, se decidió, la terapéutica desarrollada. El neonato evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: Se mostró el manejo interdisciplinario de la displasia broncopulmonar. Se consultó la bibliografía actualizada.

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease of neonatal age onset. Intrauterine growth restriction is defined as failure of the fetus to reach its genetically determined growth potential. Objective: To describe the interdisciplinary management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and review the literature on the subject. Case report: The case of a newborn son of an adolescent mother, product of her first pregnancy, which had an adequate prenatal control, is presented. She presented grade IV intrauterine growth restriction characterized by alterations in the Doppler ultrasound in relation to severe placental insufficiency and oligohydramnios, which is why the pregnancy was terminated due to dystocic delivery by cesarean section at 34+1 weeks, with a ruptured bag at birth, liquid clear and very scanty amniotic. He was born in good clinical condition with a weight of 850 grams. In the first days of life, he began with clinical manifestations of sepsis; necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed, then he presented a sudden clinical deterioration due to the appearance of pulmonary hemorrhage. Weighing 695 grams, treatment with invasive mechanical ventilation was started, which lasted for a period of 30 days. After weaning from mechanical ventilation, the child remained oxygen dependent for a further 71 days; as a manifestation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Interconsultations were made with specialists in Cardiology, Hematology, Imaging, Nutrition, Immunology and Genetics; and, collectively, it was decided, the therapy developed. The neonate evolved satisfactorily. Conclusions: The interdisciplinary management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was shown. The updated literature was consulted.

Establishment and practice of the blended teaching model in human embryology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the virtual simulation of "digital embryo" in the digital teaching platform for medical morphology, this study constructs the course resources of human embryology by integrating the contents of the course, recording micro-videos, formulating course guides, and analyzing clinical cases, then implements the blended teaching model of pre-class preview, in-class discussion, and after-class expansion, and establishes a course evaluation system combining formative assessment and end-of-course assessment. Comparison of assessment scores and satisfaction questionnaire between traditional off-line teaching and blended teaching showed a significant improvement in total score, and more than 5% of the students reported a significant reduction in the difficulty of the course, while the degree of satisfaction with the course was increased by 11%. This suggests that the establishment of the blended teaching model of human embryology meets the requirements for personalized and diversified learning among students, realizes the diversity of teaching methods and teaching evaluation, and improves the quality of teaching.

Kidney surface development in human fetuses: study applied to radiological diagnosis

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the anatomical aspects of the kidney surface in human fetuses during the second gestational trimester. Material and Methods: We studied 108 kidneys obtained from 54 human fetuses (29 males and 25 females). The kidney was dissected and the number of clefts was counted. The renal volume was also assessed. To compare the quantitative data in both sexes, the Students-t-test was used (p < 0.05). Simple linear correlations were calculated for all kidney measurements, according to fetal age. Statistical analysis was performed with the R program (Version 3.5.1). Results: The fetuses ranged in age between 11.4 to 23 weeks post-conception. The renal volume of the right kidney ranged from 0.09 to 2.397 cm (mean=0.8479) and the renal volume of the left kidney ranged from 0.07 to 2.416 cm (mean=0.8036). The mean number of renal clefts in fetuses studied was 15.25 (7 to 28). There was no statistical significant difference in renal clefts between the sides either in males (p = 0.646) or in females (p = 0.698). Also, there was no significant difference in the mean number of renal clefts between male and female fetuses in right kidney (p = 0.948) and in left kidney (p = 0.939). Conclusions: The number of renal clefts has a great variation, weak correlation and no tendency to decrease during the 2nd gestational trimester. The number of clefts in right kidney of total sample and female fetuses has a significant development with age.

Kahoot© como estratégia de aprendizagem no ensino de ciências morfofuncionais: uma revisão integrativa / Kahoot© as a learning strategy in the teaching of morphofunctional sciences: an integrative review

Introdução: tecnologias digitais como as gamificações vem modernizando e inovando o processo de aprendizagem. Objetivo:agrupar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, evidências científicas acerca da aplicabilidade do Kahoot© como estratégia de aprendizagem na disciplina de Ciências Morfofuncionais. Metodologia: os termos "anatomy", "histology", "embryology", "gamification", "kahoot", "Kahoot!", foram empregados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Bireme, Web of Science, Science Direct e Eric, utilizando operadores booleanos OR/AND. Foram estabelecidos como critérios de inclusão, artigos com delineamento do tipo experimental, observacional e revisões sistemáticas que descreveram a utilização do Kahoot© como ferramenta de ensino na disciplina de morfologia humana, publicados nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, no período de 2013 a 2021. Foram excluídos, artigos que utilizaram o Kahoot© em outras áreas do conhecimento e em outros componentes curriculares. Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 337 artigos que, após leitura do título e resumo, foram submetidos aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Destes, 11 artigos foram elegíveis para o estudo. Discussão: o Kahoot© motiva o estudante, criando uma atmosfera divertida, favorecendo o trabalho colaborativo e o engajamento dos alunos em seu processo de aprendizagem. Elementos associados à gamificação foram vistos como responsáveis pela descontração e como agentes estressores. Conclusão: o Kahoot© possibilita um aprender divertido e dinâmico, porém, pesquisas que utilizem grupo controle e experimental são relevantes para verificar a efetividade do Kahoot© no ensino de morfologia a curto, médio ou longo prazo, potencializando os benefícios do seu uso em sala de aula.

Introduction:digital technologies such as gamifications have been modernizing and innovating the learning process. Objective: to group, through a literature review, scientific evidence about the applicability of Kahoot© as a learning strategy in the discipline of Morphofunctional Sciences. Methodology: the terms "anatomy", "histology", "embryology", "gamification", "kahoot", "Kahoot!" were employed in the PubMed, Scopus, Bireme, Web of Science, Science Direct and Eric databases, using Boolean OR/AND operators. Inclusion criteria articles with an experimental, observational design and systematic reviews were established that described the use of Kahoot© as a teaching tool in the discipline of human morphology, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, from 2013 to 2021. Articles that used Kahoot© in other areas of knowlwdge and other curricular components were excluded. Results: the sample consisted of 337 articles that, after reading the title and abstract, were found in the searched databases. After reading the title and abstract, the articles are subject to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 11 articles were eligible for the study. Discussion: the Kahoot© motivates the student, creating a fun atmosphere, favoring collaborative work and studente engagement in their learning process. Elements associated with gamification were seen as responsible for the relaxed and stressing agents. Conclusion: Kahoot© a fun and dynamic learning, however, research using control and experimental group is relevant to verify the effectiveness of Kahoot© in the teaching of morphology in the short, medium, or long term, enhancing the benefits of its use in the classroom use

Human embryology science: which theoretical information do clinical embryologists need to know more about? A survey / Ciencia de la embriología humana: ¿Qué información teórica necesitan saber más los embriólogos clínicos? Una encuesta

SUMMARY: For the past decades, it has been apparent that assisted reproductive technologies along with clinical embryology have both propounded themselves triumphantly in the field of medicine. Although high-tech equipment and staff skills are crucial to the success of these breakthrough implementations, the pivot of these practices is updated, knowledgeable and competent technicians who excel in the field of human embryology. Crucially, the advancement of clinical embryology and its related fields depends on the meticulous training of clinical embryologists in practical skills as well as theoretical knowledge. Unfortunately, most aspects of reproductive medicine have no obligatory assembled curriculum. A lot more emphasis has been put on the clinical aspect of these sciences and training than its theoretical counterpart. Consequently, clinical embryologists continue to face difficulty in unifying the needed theoretical knowledge in these fields. Not only that, but they also struggle to shed a light on the advanced knowledge required to stand out as professionals. This study aimed to explore which theoretical information in the science of human embryology that embryologists need to know thoroughly about. The survey was conducted online (July 2021).

RESUMEN: Durante las últimas décadas, ha sido evidente que las tecnologías de reproducción asistida junto con la embriología clínica han demostrado un éxito importante en el area de la medicina. Si bien los equipos de alta tecnología y las habilidades del personal son cruciales para el éxito de estas implementaciones, el eje de estas prácticas son los técnicos actualizados, competentes y expertos en el campo de la embriología humana. Fundamentalmente, el avance de la embriología clínica y sus campos relacionados dependen de la formación meticulosa de los embriólogos clínicos en las habilidades prácticas y los conocimientos teóricos. Desafortunadamente, la mayoría de los aspectos de la medicina reproductiva no cuenta con un plan de estudios obligatorio. El énfasis se ha concentrado en el aspecto clínico y en el entrenamiento de estas ciencias más que en la contraparte teórica. En consecuencia, los embriólogos clínicos continúan enfrentando dificultades para unificar el conocimiento teórico necesario en estos campos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar qué información teórica importante en la ciencia de la embriología humana requieren los embriólogos. La encuesta de este trabajo se realizó en línea (julio de 2021).

Exploring the Learner’s Perception about Embryology – Before and After Introduction of Competency Based Medical Curriculum (CBME)

Background: The perceived relevance of a subject/area will decide how much the student will study that. Competency based Medical Curriculum helps students to understand the subject relevance due to its structured format. The feedback from students about subject relevance is needed as they are the primary stakeholders for learning. In this era of involving molecular biology and genetics in medical field, it is very difficult to determine how much to teach a basic subject like embryology. This questionnaire study was done to know the viewpoints of 3rd semester & 5th semester medical students about the relevance and necessity of embryology in medical education. Method: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to 3rd semester, CBME batch & 5th semester students, traditional or regular batch of Sree Balaji Medical College, Chrompet. The pre validated questionnaire contained questions regarding the perceived relevance & importance of embryology. Results: Students reported the relevance of embryology knowledge for learning other medical subjects & they more often acknowledged embryology as being of great importance for their professional careers. This perception has increased especially after introduction of Competency based Medical Curriculum. Overall, study results suggest that medical students have a positive attitude toward embryology undergraduate course. Conclusion: This evidence could be used as an additional motive for the development embryology courses, with special emphasis on practical application of knowledge in clinically-oriented setting.

Sistema de gestión para enseñanza-aprendizaje virtual de embriología y genética en la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés / Management system for virtual teaching-learning of embryology and genetics at the "Mayor de San Andrés" University

A partir de la pandemia del COVID 19, con el conocimiento de la afinidad por los medios digitales de los jóvenes millennials, surge la necesidad de incorporar oficialmente las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación para la educación complementaria en salud. Por otra parte, se visibilizaron todas las deficiencias en infraestructura, equipamiento, recursos humanos en nuestras universidades; motivando en las Facultades de Medicina a nivel mundial un cambio de estrategia dentro del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Por todas estas razones se hace imprescindible la implementación de un Sistema de gestión para enseñanza-aprendizaje virtual de Embriología y Genética en la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, fortaleciendo el vínculo sincrónico y asincrónico con los estudiantes que les permita reforzar los contenidos trabajados en las clases teóricas y prácticas de la asignatura, construyendo material didáctico para que pudieran abordar un contenido determinado de la materia en distintos formatos físicos y digitales, en tiempo real y con la ventaja de acceder a los mismos en cualquier momento. El presente Sistema de gestión para enseñanza- aprendizaje, coadyuvará a fortalecer los diferentes requerimientos actuales de aprendizaje de los universitarios brindándoles conceptos vigentes y útiles sobre Embriología y Genética, contribuyendo en la formación de los futuros Médicos para que respondan a las necesidades de nuestra población.

As of the COVID 19 pandemic, with knowledge of the affinity for digital media of young millennials, the need arises to officially incorporate Information and Communication Technologies for complementary health education. On the other hand, all the deficiencies in infrastructure, equipment, human resources in our universities were made visibilized; motivating in the Faculties of Medicine worldwide a change of strategy within the teaching-learning process. For all these reasons, it is essential to implement a Management System for virtual teaching learning of Embryology and Genetics at the Mayor de San Andrés University, strengthening the synchronous and asynchronous link with the students that allows them to reinforce the contents worked on in the classes. theoretical and practical aspects of the subject, building didactic material so that they could address a specific content of the subject in different physical and digital formats, in real time and with the advantage of accessing them at any time. This teaching-learning management system will help strengthen the different current learning requirements of university students by providing them with current and useful concepts on Embryology and Genetics, contributing to the training of future doctors so that they respond to the needs of our population.

A fresh perspective on histology and embryology - a lens on aesthetics / Una nueva perspectiva sobre histología y embriología: una mirada a la estética

SUMMARY: Histology and embryology is a science that studies the micro structure and function of the body and embryogenesis, and has insight into the microcosmic world of human body. It is delicate and ingeniousness, which greatly satisfy our thirst for knowledge and visual appreciation. This paper expounds the beauty of Science in histology and Embryology from the perspectives of aesthetics on cell morphology, tissue mode, organogenesis and life birth. Aesthetic education in histology and embryology can possible cultivate medical students' humanistic quality and aesthetic thinking, So that they are able to have an access to the essence of life.

RESUMEN: La histología y la embriología son ciencias que estudian la microestructura y la función del cuerpo y la embriogénesis, y tienen una visión del mundo microcósmico del cuerpo humano. Es delicadeza e ingenio, lo que satisface en gran medida nuestra deseo de conocimiento y apreciación visual. Este artículo expone la belleza de la ciencia en histología y embriología desde las perspectivas de la estética sobre la morfología celular, el modo tisular, la organogénesis y el nacimiento de la vida. La educación estética en histología y embriología puede posiblemente cultivar la calidad humanística y el pensamiento estético de los estudiantes de medicina, para que logren tener acceso a la esencia de la vida.

Embrioteca humana: orientaciones metodológicas para su uso en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje, en formato electrónico / Human embryo library: methodological guidelines for its use in the teaching-learning process, in electronic format

RESUMEN Fundamento: las series histoembriológicas coleccionadas en las embriotecas devienen en importante medio visual en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la Embriología por el alto potencial didáctico de sus imágenes. Su uso docente requiere orientaciones metodológicas para adecuarse de manera racional y eficiente a los diferentes contextos, niveles y formas organizativas. Objetivo: elaborar orientaciones metodológicas para el uso docente de una embrioteca humana. Métodos: se recurrió a la sistematización de experiencias teóricas y prácticas. Según etapas se definieron muestras, contextos, instrumentos, técnicas, categorías, subcategorías, regularidades, aportes y lecciones aprendidas. Se emplearon métodos y técnicas cualitativas: entrevista semiestructurada, observación, grupos focales, registro de sistematización, técnica de triangulación de fuentes documentales y metodológicas, valoración por especialistas; además del método matemático-estadísticos. Resultados: se confirmó la pertinencia de la embrioteca humana como medio de enseñanza, para lo cual se requieren orientaciones metodológicas; estas fueron elaboradas con enfoque general y específico para contenidos de Embriología en el plan de estudio de la carrera y programa de la especialidad. Se acompañan de 114 imágenes originales a través de las cuales los autores sugieren cómo trabajar didácticamente con este medio. Conclusiones: la sistematización teórica y práctica de la experiencia acumulada en el uso docente de la embrioteca humana permitió elaborar un manual electrónico donde se orienta el trabajo metodológico en los diferentes contextos, niveles y formas organizativas docentes de la Embriología como materia de estudio. Según los especialistas cumple los criterios de rigor: credibilidad, transferencia, dependencia y confirmabilidad.

ABSTRACT Background: the histo-embryological series collected in the embryo libraries become an important visual aid in the teaching-learning process of Embryology due to the high didactic potential of their images. Its teaching use requires methodological orientations to adapt rationally and efficiently to the different contexts, levels and organizational forms. Objective: to develop methodological guidelines for the educational use of a human embryo library. Methods: the systematization of theoretical and practical experiences was used. Samples, contexts, instruments, techniques, categories, subcategories, regularities, contributions and lessons learned were defined according to stages. Qualitative methods and techniques were used: semi-structured interview, observation, focal groups, systematization record, and comparison of sources technique of documentary and methodological sources, evaluation by specialists; in addition to the mathematical-statistical method. Results: the relevance of the human embryo library as a teaching aid was confirmed, for which methodological guidelines are required; these were elaborated with a general and specific focus for Embryology contents in the study plan of the degree and program of the specialty. They are accompanied by 114 original images through which the authors suggest how to work didactically with this aid. Conclusions: the theoretical and practical systematization of the accumulated experience in the educational use of the human embryo library allowed the elaboration of an electronic manual where the methodological work is oriented in the different contexts, levels and educational organizational forms of Embryology as a subject of study. According to specialists, it meets the rigorous criteria: credibility, transfer, dependency and confirmability.

Ambliopia severa na infância relacionada à persistência da vasculatura fetal / Severe childhood amblyopia associated to persistence of fetal vasculature

RESUMO A persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico, atualmente referida como persistência da vasculatura fetal, é uma anomalia congênita que resulta da não regressão do vítreo vascular primário e do sistema da artéria hialoide durante a embriogênese. Trata-se de uma anomalia unilateral na maioria dos casos, esporádica e comumente não associada a nenhum outro achado sistêmico. Clinicamente, essa condição pode ser classificada em persistência anterior e em persistência posterior da vasculatura fetal. A condição anterior está relacionada ao sistema da artéria ciliar, enquanto a persistência da vasculatura posterior associa-se à artéria hialoide e pode apresentar anormalidades, com desfecho visual desfavorável. A detecção da persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico é de suma importância, visto que é um diagnóstico diferencial para retinoblastoma. O relato de caso a seguir descreve o acompanhamento ambulatorial em um Serviço de Oftalmologia de uma criança do sexo masculino com persistência da vasculatura fetal unilateral e sem alterações sistêmicas.

ABSTRACT Hyperplastic primary vitreous persistence, currently referred to as fetal vasculature persistence, is a congenital anomaly that results from non-regression of the primary vascular vitreous and hyaloid artery system during embryogenesis. It is a unilateral anomaly in the vast majority of cases, sporadic and commonly not associated with any other systemic finding. Clinically, this condition can be classified into anterior and posterior persistence of fetal vasculature. The anterior condition is related to the ciliary artery system, while the persistence of the posterior vasculature is associated with the hyaloid artery, which may present abnormalities with an unfavorable visual outcome. Detecting persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is of paramount importance, as it is a differential diagnosis for retinoblastoma. The following case report describes the outpatient follow-up at the ophthalmology service of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) of a male child with persistent unilateral fetal vasculature and no systemic changes.

Ovário acessório: relato de caso de um achado incidental em uma ressecção de tumor ovariano bilateral / Accessory ovary: case report of an incidental finding in a bilateral ovarian tumor resection

Ovários ectópicos estão entre as mais raras anomalias ginecológicas, compreendendo ovários supranumerários e acessórios. Relatamos o caso de um ovário acessório no istmo tubário encontrado incidentalmente no exame anatomopatológico de uma paciente de 70 anos que foi submetida a anexectomia bilateral por lesão cística volumosa em ovário direito e lesões calcificadas em ovário esquerdo. Aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e epidemiológicos são discutidos neste estudo.

Ectopic ovaries are among the rarest gynecological abnormalities, comprising supernumerary and accessory ovaries. We report the case of an accessory ovary in the tubal isthmus found incidentally in the anatomopathological examination of a 70-year-old female patient who underwent bilateral adnexectomy for a large cystic lesion in the right ovary and calcified lesions in the left ovary. Clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological aspects are discussed in this study.

Guía metodológica para la ejecución de un seminario panel en la especialidad de Embriología / Methodological guide for the execution of a panel seminar in the specialty of Embryology / Guia metodológico para a realização de painel seminário na especialidade de Embriologia

RESUMEN Introducción: la docencia, más que un ejercicio, es un modo de vida. El docente tiene que partir de tener claro cuál es su filosofía educativa pues, en función de ella, dirigirá todas sus acciones en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El seminario es una forma organizativa en la que los estudiantes consolidan, amplían, profundizan, discuten, integran y generalizan los contenidos orientados. Objetivo: elaborar una guía metodológica para la ejecución de un seminario tipo panel en la especialidad de Embriología. Desarrollo: Cuba, a partir del nuevo milenio intensifica las transformaciones en el sector educativo y aplica las tendencias más modernas de formación, en busca de un modelo educativo revolucionario que utilice nuevas formas y métodos para el mejoramiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Es por ello que proponemos la ejecución de un seminario tipo panel, el cual desde el punto de vista metodológico constará de tres partes fundamentales, en las cuales el profesor y los educandos cumplen funciones bien definidas. Como herramienta para esta evaluación se diseñó una rúbrica holística. Conclusiones: la elaboración de una guía metodológica para la ejecución de un seminario panel en la especialidad de Embriología facilitará la creatividad de alumnos y profesores, así como la preparación y autopreparación de los mismos, lo que propiciará, a su vez, mayor calidad del proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT Introduction: teaching, more than an exercise, is a way of life. The teacher has to start from being clear about his educational philosophy because, based on it, he will direct all his actions in the teaching-learning process. The seminar is an organizational form in which students consolidate, expand, deepen, discuss, integrate and generalize the oriented content. Objective: to prepare a methodological guide for the execution of a panel-type seminar in the specialty of Embryology. Development: Cuba, starting in the new millennium, intensifies the transformations in the educational sector and applies the most modern trends in training, in search of a revolutionary educational model that uses new forms and methods to improve the teaching-learning process. That is why we propose the execution of a panel-type seminar, which from the methodological point of view will consist of three fundamental parts, in which the teacher and the students fulfill well-defined functions. As a tool for this evaluation, a holistic rubric was designed. Conclusions: the development of a methodological guide for the execution of a panel seminar in the specialty of Embryology will facilitate the creativity of students and teachers, as well as their preparation and self-preparation, which will, in turn, promote higher quality of the process teaching - learning.

RESUMO Introdução: ensinar, mais do que um exercício, é um modo de vida. O professor deve partir da clareza de sua filosofia educacional, pois, a partir dela, ele direcionará todas as suas ações no processo ensino-aprendizagem. O seminário é uma forma organizacional em que os alunos consolidam, ampliam, aprofundam, discutem, integram e generalizam o conteúdo orientado. Objetivo: elaborar um guia metodológico para a realização de um seminário do tipo painel na especialidade de Embriologia. Desenvolvimento: Cuba, a partir do novo milênio, intensifica as transformações no setor educacional e aplica as mais modernas tendências de formação, em busca de um modelo educacional revolucionário que utilize novas formas e métodos para melhorar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. É por isso que propomos a realização de um seminário do tipo painel, que do ponto de vista metodológico será constituído por três partes fundamentais, nas quais o professor e os alunos desempenham funções bem definidas. Como ferramenta para essa avaliação, foi elaborada uma rubrica holística. Conclusões: o desenvolvimento de um guia metodológico para a realização de um painel seminário na especialidade de Embriologia irá facilitar a criatividade de alunos e professores, bem como a sua preparação e autopreparação, o que, por sua vez, irá promover uma maior qualidade de o processo ensino - aprendizagem.

Ruptura del paradigma: estudio macroscópico del desarrollo embrionario de aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) realizado por métodos complementarios / Paradigm break: macroscopic study of embryonic development of birds (Gallus gallus domesticus) carried out by complementary methods

RESUMEN: El uso de plataformas virtuales se muestra como un nuevo recurso didáctico que posibilita el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de forma dinámica. A grandes rasgos, permite el acceso a imágenes digitales en alta resolución mediante el uso de computadores, smartphones y/o tabletas. Portanto, este trabajo presenta nuestra metodología en el campo de la embriología de aves domésticas y la experiencia adquirida en el desarrollo de recursos para la enseñanza por medio de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación, de gran utilidad hoy en día en medio de la pandemia ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus.

SUMMARY: Online platforms are a new didactic resource that enable an active teaching-learning process. In general, they allows access to high resolution digital images through the use of computers, smartphones and / or tablets. Therefore, this study presents our methodology in the field of domestic bird embryology and the experience acquired in the development of teaching resources through information and communication technologies, which are very useful nowadays, particularly in the midst of the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus.

Primary exploration of integrating the humanistic quality education into histology and embryology teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to enable the teachers of professional basic courses to play a role adequately in teaching and educating students, the elements of humanistic quality education are excavated from Histology and Embryology chapters and integrated with professional basic knowledges. The effects of teaching are tested through students' writing experience, teachers' interview and national peer review. The results show that students have received the education of gratitude, dedication and responsibility, meanwhile their enthusiasm for learning has been significantly improved. Teachers believe that teaching and learning has achieved self-education at the same time. The national colleagues agree that it's feasible to integrate humanistic quality education into the teaching process of professional basic courses, and the better teaching effect is also be achieved.

Application of online-offline mixed teaching mode in the teaching of histology and embryology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of online-offline mixed teaching mode in the teaching of histology and embryology.Methods:Two classes of students majoring in psychiatry from Batch 2020 were randomized into experimental group ( n = 100), and two classes of students majoring in general practice in 2020 grade were randomized into the control group ( n = 99). The online-offline mixed teaching mode was used in the experimental group, while a traditional teaching mode was used in the control group. The online test scores, final scores and questionnaire satisfaction of the two groups of students were evaluated on the teaching effect. All data were statistically processed by SPSS 19.0, and the comparison between groups was performed by t test. Results:The online test scores of the experimental group [(8.55±1.18) vs. (6.33±0.91)] and final scores [(85.56±3.32) vs. (72.24±2.71)] were significantly higher than those of the control group ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the experimental group's satisfaction scores of the online-offline mixed teaching mode were significantly higher in students' learning interest, learning autonomy, time management ability, teamwork, interactive communication, knowledge understanding and memory ability ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The online-offline mixed teaching mode can improve the histology and embryology teaching effect and promote the students' interest in learning and autonomous learning ability.

Facial Muscles and Its Modiolus: A Review of Embryology, Comparative Anatomy, Morphology and Applied Anatomy

@#The modiolus of the face manifests the interesting landmark for facial muscles attachment. The strong connective tissue fibres play an important role in the clinical setting, especially in the aesthetic and dental surgeries. In the fourth week of intrauterine life, the development of the modiolus evolves in accordance with the growth of muscles of facial expression. Microscopically, a white, tendinous structure with the thick irregular collagenous connective tissue of collagen fibres predominance appeared to be the modiolus. Modiolus is morphologically a fibromuscular muscle situated on the lateral border of the mouth. The formation of the nasolabial fold is important and a well-developed modiolus provide a toned face. Several works of literature forementioned the number of facial muscles attached to the modiolus but no definitive similarity are identified. This review summarizes the updated morphological features and applied anatomy of the facial modiolus with its muscle attachment.

Genetic and genomics in congenital heart disease: a clinical review / Genética e genômica na cardiopatia congênita: uma revisão clínica

Abstract Objective: Discuss evidence referring to the genetic role in congenital heart diseases, whether chromosomic alterations or monogenic diseases. Data source: LILACS, PubMed, MEDLINE, SciELO, Google Scholar, and references of the articles found. Review articles, case reports, book chapters, master's theses, and doctoral dissertations were included. Summary of findings: Congenital heart diseases are among the most common type of birth defects, afflicting up to 1% of the liveborn. Traditionally, the etiology was defined as a multifactorial model, with both genetic and external contribution, and the genetic role was less recognized. Recently, however, as the natural evolution and epidemiology of congenital heart diseases change, the identification of genetic factors has an expanding significance in the clinical and surgical management of syndromic or non-syndromic heart defects, providing tools for the understanding of heart development. Conclusions: Concrete knowledge of congenital heart disease etiology and recognition of the genetic alterations may be helpful in the bedside management, defining prognosis and anticipating complications.

Resumo Objetivo: Discutir as evidências referentes ao papel genético em cardiopatias congênitas, sejam alterações cromossômicas ou doenças monogênicas. Fonte de dados: Lilacs, PubMed, Medline, SciELO, Google Scholar e referências dos artigos encontrados. Artigos de revisão, relatos de casos, capítulos de livros, dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado foram incluídos. Síntese dos dados: As cardiopatias congênitas estão entre os tipos mais comuns de defeitos congênitos, afetando até 1% dos nascidos vivos. Tradicionalmente, a etiologia era definida como um modelo multifatorial, com contribuição tanto genética quanto externa, sendo o papel genético menos reconhecido. Recentemente, no entanto, à medida que a evolução natural e a epidemiologia das cardiopatias congênitas mudaram, a identificação de fatores genéticos tem adquirido importância crescente no tratamento clínico e cirúrgico de defeitos cardíacos sindrômicos e não-sindrômicos, fornecendo ferramentas para a compreensão do desenvolvimento do coração. Conclusões: O conhecimento concreto da etiologia das cardiopatias congênitas e o reconhecimento das alterações genéticas podem ser úteis no tratamento à beira do leito, definindo o prognóstico e antecipando as complicações.

¡Estudiando el Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal con el Microscopio Virtual! En Tiempos de Covid-19 / Studying Embryonic and Fetal Development with the Virtual Microscope! In the Times of Covid-19

RESUMEN: La Microscopía Virtual es una herramienta tecnológica que permite la visualización de imágenes digitales microscópicas de gran resolución a través de un computador imitando la funcionalidad de un microscopio óptico tradicional. El presente trabajo presenta nuestra experiencia en el uso de esta modalidad de trabajo, útil hoy en día, en medio de la pandemia por Covid-19.

SUMMARY: Virtual Microscopy is a technological tool that allows the visualization of high resolution microscopic digital images through a computer, imitating the functionality of a traditional light microscope. The present work presents our experience in the use of this working modality, useful today, in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic.